Python Context Managers: Master the with Statement for Clean Resource Handling

class DatabaseConnection:
  def __init__(self, dsn): self.dsn = dsn

  def __enter__(self):
    self.conn = create_connection(self.dsn)
    return self.conn  # Value bound to 'as' variable

  def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
    if exc_type:  # Exception occurred
      self.conn.rollback()
    else:
      self.conn.commit()
    self.conn.close()
    return False  # False = don't suppress exception
    # Return True to suppress the exception

with DatabaseConnection('postgresql://...') as conn:
  conn.execute('INSERT INTO ...')
  # Auto-commits or rolls back, always closes

from contextlib import contextmanager
import time

@contextmanager
def timer(name=''):
  start = time.perf_counter()
  try:
    yield  # Code inside 'with' block runs here
  finally:     # Runs even on exception
    elapsed = (time.perf_counter()-start)*1000
    print(f'{name}: {elapsed:.1f}ms')

with timer('database query'):
  results = db.execute('SELECT ...')  # Timed!

# Transaction context manager:
@contextmanager
def transaction(db):
  try:
    yield db
    db.commit()
  except:
    db.rollback()
    raise  # Re-raise after rollback

# Multiple managers in one with:
with open('input.txt') as f_in, open('output.txt','w') as f_out:
  f_out.write(f_in.read())
# Both files closed even if exception!

# contextlib.suppress — ignore specific exceptions:
from contextlib import suppress
with suppress(FileNotFoundError):
  os.remove('/tmp/temp_file')  # OK if file doesn't exist
# Same as: try/except FileNotFoundError: pass (but cleaner)

from contextlib import ExitStack

# Open variable number of files:
file_names = ['a.txt','b.txt','c.txt']
with ExitStack() as stack:
  files = [stack.enter_context(open(f)) for f in file_names]
  # All files open, all will be closed on exit
  data = [f.read() for f in files]

# ExitStack.callback: register any cleanup function
with ExitStack() as stack:
  conn = db.connect()
  stack.callback(conn.close)   # Always closes
  stack.callback(conn.rollback) # Always rolls back (if not committed)